World Affairs
The Makkah Defence Pact is no longer a photo-op: Pakistan, Türkiye and Saudi Arabia have created a secretariat and moved toward real military integration.
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The Makkah Defence Pact is no longer a photo-op: Pakistan, Türkiye and Saudi Arabia have created a secretariat and moved toward real military integration.
Israel’s Abu al-Duhur strike tests Türkiye’s resolve, Syria’s sovereignty and whether the Pakistan-Saudi-Turkish Makkah defence pact can deter escalation.
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Türkiye’s Makkah defence pact creates collective deterrence—but its Article 51 limits and obligations demand scrutiny.