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What would reversal look like in Pakistan? In my view, it would mean schools where questions improve teaching, courts where status offers no exemption, research that others can test, and industries that reward demonstrated performance. These are proposed priorities, not a claim that one policy can reverse centuries of history.
My answer to Rahman, then, is institutionalised unaccountability. It allowed rulers to prefer obedience, gatekeepers to fear scrutiny and societies to mistake inherited prestige for present achievement. Foreign conquest and industrial competition made the consequences harsher; they did not make honest inquiry or fair governance less necessary. If this argument rings true, share it with someone who gives a different single answer—and ask which institution, today, would actually change if their answer were taken seriously.
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